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History

Hafted arrowhead, the prehistoric findings in India

Prehistoric period

Remains of the Homo erectus in Hathnora, Narmada Valley, indicate India was inhabited in the Middle Pleistocene era. 

The prehistoric period estimated between 200000 BC and 2500 BC holds no exception to India, when civilizations began to formulate. The first Homo sapiens planted their feet on the Indian subcontinent between 200000 BC and 40000 BC and instantly spread. The anatomically remains of the modern humans and tools crafted by them were discovered in Tamil Nadu. 

Ancient Harappa city

Indus Valley Civilization

Indus valley civilization was the home to the four chief ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, South Asia and China.

The ancient Indus civilization extended from Egypt to China, and Harappa was a city on the Indian sub-continent that flourished between 2600 and 1700 B.C. Its highly evolved and complex culture ensures a place in the chronicles of world history and architecture. In 1856, railway construction workers discovered fire-baked bricks in the foothills of the Himalayas, soon confirmed as antique.

Mantra in sanskrit

Vedic Period

The Vedic Period emerged from the Aryans conquest during 1st century BC in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. 

Vedic Age relates to the period when the oldest written literature known to humankind – Vedas, was composed during this period. The Vedic age laid the foundation of Hinduism, as the great Indian epics - Ramayana, Mahabharata, Upanishads and Hymns were written in Sanskrit language. Welcome on a voyage to India! 

Vijay Stambh in Chittogarh, Maurya Culture

Mauryan Period

The Mauryan kingdom founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BC emerged as the strongest political, administrative, religious and architectural hub.   

Chandragupta Maurya laid the foundation of the largest and strongest empire in the history of Indian subcontinent conquests that stretched from north-west (Afghanistan) to the east at the Ganges and south as far as Mysore. Under the Mauryan dynasty culture, religion, philosophy, politics and administration flourished. Two eminent religions – Buddhism and Jainism emerged, while Hinduism gained momentum

Colourful Buddhist banners with sanscrit

Golden Age of Indian Arts & Sciences

The golden age of India stretched between 2nd and 3rd BC. Arts & Science flourished, while religion and culture progressed.

The golden age witnessed notable cultural development. Jainism and Buddhism propagated in this era. It was during this period Khyber Pass was built that served as a trading route between India and the outside world. Spice and silk were widely exported. Exquisite temples, forts, palaces and monuments were built. Take a trip down the memory lane with a vacation in India.

Jain Temple, Madhya Pradesh

Rise of Jainism and Buddhism

The rise of Buddhism and Jainism was a response to counteract the Brahmanical Hindu order in the 6th Century B.C.

Religious revolution began in the 6th Century B.C when religious teachers, philosophers and thinkers began to preach their doctrines that differed from the Brahmanical Hindu order. With the emergence of Jainism and Buddhism, several Hindu religious customs and rituals ended. What were the causes that led to the rise of these shamanic philosophies?

Jama Masjid in Delhi, the biggest mosque in India

Muslim invasions

Muslim conquest permanently influenced the development of language, dress, cuisine, art & culture, architecture, customs and value in India.

Muslim invasions began from 12th century onwards and permanently impacted the Indian sub-continent. During the Muslim reign, every aspect of Indian society flourished, from legal and administration to agriculture and trade to cuisine and social norms. Urbanization of India occurred as many cities and their urban cultures evolved. Trade extended from Morocco to Indonesia. Welcome on a voyage to India.

Taj Mahal in Agra, the example of the Mughal architecture

The Moghul Empire

The Magnificent Taj Mahal and the impressive Red Fort are the gifts of the Moghul reign, lasting for 332 years.

An Indian-Islamic power, the Moghuls ruled the Indian subcontinent during the late 17th and early 18th centuries and declined by the mid-19th century. The Moghul “classic period” characterized by the expansion of Persian culture with brilliant literary, artistic and architectural work, began in 1556 with the succession of Akbar The Great and declined in 1707 with the death of Aurangzeb.